Modern Europe-9th Standard Social Science Notes

Chapter - 8

Modern Europe

i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. Renaissance means _______________
2. ______ is called the father of Renaissance.
3. Followers of Martin Luther are _________
4. The leader of the Counter Reformation movement is ________
5. Inventor of the spinning jenny machine is __________
Ans:- (1) rebirth/ reawaken (2) Petrarch/ Italy; (3) Protestants: (4) Ignatius Loyola, (5) Hargreaves.
ii. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group.
1. What were the consequences of religious reformation?
The consequences of religious reformation are as follows:
1. Christianity was divided into three sects - Catholic Church, Orthodox Church and Protestant church.
2. Many European kings got liberated from the hold of the Church and the pope.
3. Religious reformation led to rise of nationalism.
4. The confiscated wealth of the Church was utilized for the economic development.
5. Patriotic feelings became strong and the kings of Europe developed religious tolerance.
6. Due to this movement, the literacy field saw progress. Local languages influenced the European
minds.
7. The Catholic Church itself underwent reformation and this came to be known as Counter
Reformation.
2. What were the reasons for geographical explorations?
1. When the Turks conquered the city of Constantinople in 1453 A.D., the Europeans faced
the inevitability of finding a new sea route to India.
2. Spain and Portugal were ambitious of competing with Arabs in sea trade.
3. Discovery of new countries opened the possibility spreading Christianity.
4. European curiosity was roused by the adventurous nature of sea voyages towards eastern
countries.
5. Mariner's compass and astrolabe equipment were helpful to sailors. Charts and maps were
available to sailors.
6. The Europeans believed that China was a fertile place to make profit.
3. Which are the water-colour paintings of Leonardo da Vinci?
Leonardo da Vinci's paintings are Last Supper and Mona Lisa.
4. Explain the development of literature in the period of Renaissance with an Example. Petrarch is known as the 'Father of renaissance'. He collected about 200 Latin and Greek Manuscripts. A collection of 100 stories called Decameron written in Italian by Boccaccio, the famous work Divine Comedy by Dante, Canterbury Tales by Chaucer of England, Don Quixote by Cervantes of Spain, Utopia written by Thomas More of England are some of the notable works. Shakespeare was an excellent poet and dramatist. St. Paul School, established in London, was dedicated to the acquisition of this new knowledge.
5. Describe the effects of Industrial Revolution.
Some of the effects of Industrial Revolution are as follows:
1. Due to the innumerable changes in industries, demand for machines grew.
2. Many changes took place in the economic and social fields too.
3. New factories were established.
4. The cost of production came down and essential products were available at a low price.
5. Cottage industries could not compete with the giant factories and, thus, they collapsed.
6. The rich became richer and richer and the poor remained poor.
7. People had to migrate from villages to towns.
8. A capitalist class emerged in society.
9. Hostilities developed between the owners and the workers, and class conflict began.

Europe In The Middle Ages-9th Standard Social Science Notes

Chapter – 7

Europe In The Middle Ages

i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The cultural bankruptcy of Europe is called
2. The owner of the land was called _________
3. The person who maintained the land was called ___________.
4. The weak person who was responsible for the maintenance of land was called __________
Ans. (1) Dark Age (2) noble (3) vassals. (4)labourers
ii. Answer the following.
1. What is feudal system?
Feudal System is political and economic system that prevailed during middle ages. The king donated land to the nobles. The nobles donated small areas of land to their subordinates called vassals. The vassals had labourers who were given land sufficient for survival as long as they worked with the vassals In a nutshell, the feudal system was an arrangement to gain specific service to the feudal lords.
2. List the advantages and disadvantages of the feudal system.
(A) The advantages of the feudal system are as follows:
1. Simplicity and tailor made administrative system is the main contribution.
2. Human protection was guaranteed.
3. The ruling party could not become autocratic as they were dependent on the vassals for military
service.
4. There was notable progress in the economic system.
5. Man became aware of his duties and fundamental rights and savagery of the barbaric communities was controlled.
6. England, France and Germany encouraged literature.
7. Rules and regulations were created and this made the nobles to protect women, the weak and
the Christian religion.
(B) The Disadvantages are as follows:
1. A class of aristocracy came into being.
2. Arguments and disagreements began among the aristocrats, nobles and vassals.
3. Sometimes the nobles started competing with the lords or the kings.
4. Many became traitors and posed a threat to their own regional unity.
5. Judicial system became weak and there was no rule of law.
6. The church and the state were at loggerhens (quarrel)
3. Explain the effects of feudalism.
1. They had absolute control over military. Hence both the political and economical powers were
concentrated in one place.
2. The feudal land lords had to depend on the vassals for military human power. This restricted
the exploitation of these classes.
3. The power of Barbarians was brought under control.
4. The human beings realized their rights and duties under the system.
5. Encouraged creative output in literature in England, France and Germany
6. Feudalism slowly nourished the emergence of cities. They become the center of trade and
artecrafts.
7. Clashes took place among ruling class, feudal lords and vassals. Due to this problem, the
agreements of feudalism broke down.
4. What were the reasons for the decline of the feudalism?
The main reasons for the downfall of the feudal system are as follows:
1. The rise of powerful dynastic rule in England, France and Spain.
2. Development of regional languages, nationalism, lust for absolute power in the kings.
3. Military power and the Crusades hastened the fall of many systems.
4. Renaissance and reformation became the main reasons for the weakening of the feudal system.

Bhakti Panth-9th Standard Social Science Notes

Chapter - 6

Bhakti Panth

i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1. Bhakti means _____________ to God.
2. The famous follower of Ramanand was ______
3. Kabir’s followers are called __________
4. The collection of Chaitanya’s philosophical thoughts is called ________.
Ans: (1) devotion/ Trusting, (2) Kabir Das, (3) Kabirpanthis, (4) Chaitanya  Charitamruta
ii. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group.
1. What are the teachings of Kabir?
He condemned caste system and multiple idol worship, and declared that God is one, and he is the same for both Hindus and Muslims. He tried to bring about harmony and tolerance between the two communities. Kabir preached the greatness of humourness that goes beyond caste and religion boundaries.
2. Who are Sikhs? Which is their holy book?
The followers of Guru Nanak are called Sikhs. His teachings are collected in a book called Grant Sahib. It is their holy book.
3. Explain the concept of Bhakti by Purandaradasa.
Purandaradasa rejected false Bhakthi and insisted on inner reflections. He declared without inner purity, external purity is of no use. He said ‘What is the use of cleaning the external filth without cleansing the internal filth’. He also said without faith, the mere dipping in a river is of no use.
4. What are the effects of the Bhakti movement?
Reformation of the Hindu practices and bringing about harmony between Hindus and Muslims were the main purposes of the Bhakti movement. The reformers were successful in removing many weaknesses in the Hindu society. The regional languages of India flourished since the reformers wrote in these languages. This enabled development of Indian culture. This movement facilitated the evolution of Indian Culture. It also made India to be identified as a land of multi cultures.

The Moghuls And The Marathas-9th Standard Social Science Notes

Chapter – 5

The Moghuls And The Marathas

i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The founder of the Moghul dynasty was _____________.
2. The most famous emperor among the Moghuls was _______.
3. The king who built the Taj Mahal at Agra was ______________.
4. The Moghul emperor who established the new religion Din-e-Ilahi was ___________
5. Shivaji’s mother was ________
Ans: (l) Babar; (2) Akbar; (3) Shahjahan; (4) Akbar; (5) Jijabai
ii. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group.
1. Describe the military achievements of Babar.
Babar defeated the Delhi Sultan lbrahim Lodhi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 A.D. and established the Moghul dynasty in India. Over a period of four years, he defeated Rana Sangramsingh of Mewad, the Rajput king Medinarayana of Chanderi and Ibrahim Lodhi's brother, Mohammed Lodhi. Babar conquered Panipat, Goghra and Kanwa He established Moghul rule over a vast area in North India.
2. Explain the characteristics of Sher-Shah administration.
Sher Shah established an efficient administration.
1) He divided his kingdom into four main departments.
2) He was the first ruler who constructed four main highways that connected the major cities. On either side of the highway, shade-giving trees were planted and 1700 sarais were constructed.
3) The land in the kingdom had been classified as excellent, average and bad according to their level of fertility. The farmers gave part of their income as land tax to the government.
4) If there was damage to crops during the movement of troops, the government compensated the farmers. All these features of the administration of Shershah are similar to the present administration.
3. What are the areas won by Akbar?
Akbar defeated Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipar. Akbar conquered Malva, Jaipur, Gondavan, Chittor, Ranatharnbhor, Kalinjar, Gujarat and Bengal. Akbar fight against Rana Pratap (The Battle of Haldighat) and emerged victorious. The remaining states of Kashmir, Sindh, Orissa, Baluchistan, Khandhar and Ahmednagar came under Akbar.
4. Describe the contributions of Shahjahan to art and architecture.
ShahJahan was called a great builder. He constructed the famous, immensely valuable rubystudded Peacock throne. He constructed the TajMahal in Agra which is one of the Seven Wonders of the World. He constructed the Red Fort at Delhi. He built Akbari Mahal, Jehangiri Mahal. He built forts in Lahore and Allahabad similar to the one at Agra. Hence, his period is referred to as the 'Golden Age of Moghal Art and Architecture.
5. Describe Shivaji’s system of administration.
Shivaji had organized an efficient administrative system in his vast kingdom. He had divided his kingdom into many provinces. They were called Swaraj and Moghal areas. There were minsters known as Asthapradhans in the central government to assist the king. In addition to them, there were
other officials. Province, district and village were the administrative units.
6. Explain the achievements of Bajirao I.
Bajirao I was an unparalleled warrior. He conquered, Malwa and gained the authority to collect Chouth and Sardeshmukhi taxes. He got a vast stretch between the Narmada and Chambal rivers and 50 lakh rupees as compensation tor defeating the Moghals in a battle near Bhopal. He conquered Salcet and Basin from the Portuguese and Janjira from the Siddhis He not only ruled efficiently but also regained the glory of the Maratha Empire.

Vijayanagara And Bahamani Kingdoms-9th Standard Social Science Notes

Chapter - 4

Vijayanagara And Bahamani Kingdoms

i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. Vijayanagar empire was established in the year ______________.
2. The Madhuravijaya was written by ________
3. Praudhadevaraya’s minister was _________
4. The king who wrote Amukta Malyada in Telugu was __________.
5. Madarasa at Bidar was established by ______
6. The Kitab-E-Navarasa was written by ______
Ans: (1) 1336 A.D., Hakka & Bukka. (2) Gangadevi; (3) Lakkanna Dandesha; (4) Krishnadevaraya; (5) Mohammad Gawan; (6) Ibrahim Adil Shah II
ii. Answer the following questions after discussing in your group.
1. Name the four dynasties who ruled Vijaynanagar Empire.
Four dynasties who ruled Vijayanagar Empire are (1) Sangama, (2) Saluva, (3) Tuluva, and (4) Araveedu.
2. What were the achievements of Devaraya II?
Devaraya II achievements are as follows –
(a) He defeated the king Gajapati Kapilendra of Orissa and seized Kondaveedu.
(b) He expanded his kingdom upto Krishna river in the north east by suppressing the regional leader
of the border.
(c) He defeated the Kerala state and received royalties from Kerala and Srilanka. Hence he came to be known as Dakshinapathada Chakravarthi (the Emperor of the South).
(d) He chased the traditional foe Ahmed Shah of Bahamani till Bijapur and occupied Mudgal and
Bankapura.
(e) His commander, Lakkanna Dandesha, took up a successful naval victory.
3. What were the problems Krishnadevaraya had to face when he ascended the throne?
When Krishnadevaraya came to power, the  kingdom was besieged by various complex internal and external problems.
(a) The Europeans, who had arrived through new sea routes, had established colonies.
(b) The Moghuls of the north were trying to expand their kingdom in the southern region.
(c) The five Shahi kingdoms of the Bahamani dynasty became powerful Sultanates and plunged into war against Krishnadevaraya. And
(d) The kings of Ummatthur and Orissa were a constant source of threat.
4. What are the contributions of Vijayanagar Empire to the economic system and society?
Economic system:
(a) Land tax was the main source of revenue for the kingdom.
(b) Farmers gave ¼ of their income to the government as tax.
(c) Professional tax, revenue tax, road tax, market tax, commercial tax, import and export taxes and
tributes from the vassals were other forms of revenue to the kingdom.
(d) Agriculture was the backbone of the economy. Many important food and cash crops were grown.
(e) Many wells, tanks and canals were constructed for irrigation and agriculture.
(f) There was great progress in the field of industries and commerce.
(g) Spices like pepper, cloves and cardamom, salt petre, iron ore, diamonds, granulated sugar, must,
sandal perfume etc. were exported.
(h) There were many textile industries.
(i) Coins of different denominations like gold coins, gadyaana, pagoda, silver coins and copper coins were in use. There were diamonds, iron ore centers, Sapphires used to be available in plenty.
G) Countries like Arab, China and Portugal had trade relations with the Vijayanagar Empire.
Society:
(a) The society was based on the 4-tiered caste system. However, there was also occupation-based
caste system.
(b) There were many skilled artisans, blacksmiths, bell-metal smiths, carpenters, weavers and cobblers in the society.
(c) The practice of child marriage, sati and devadasi were prevalent.
(d) Though monogamy was the common practice, kings and rich people had many wives.
5. Describe the art and architecture of the Vijayanagar period.
The unique feature of their architecture was the construction of huge auditoriam and marriage halls. Temples had huge towers (rayagopura), leafshaped arches and platforms. In this art, more than ornamentation, the qualities of grandeur, awe and elegance were given importance. Rough granite
stone (kanashile) was used for construction of these structures.
The temples were built in Hampi, Shringeri, Tirupati, Lepakshi, Karkala, Bhatkal, kanchi, Srishaila, Kolar etc. The most important temple was Vidyashankara temple at Shrigeri which has unique structure. The Vijaya Vitthala temple of Hampi is known for its magnificent architectural beauty. The saptaswara musical pillars, huge marriage halls and the stone chariot have enhanced the beauty of this temple. The most ancient temple at Hampi, the Virupaksha temple has a vast courtyard/ hall. It has many pillars with sculptures and decorative ceilings.
6. How can Gawan be considered as the best Prime minister in Bahamani dynasty?
As a Prime Minister of the Bahamani kingdom, Mohammed Gawan took the Bahamani kingdom to great heights through his efficient administration and victories. Gawan conquered Konkan, Goa and Belgaum. Later, He invaded Orissa and conquered Kondaveedu. In the year 1481 A.D., he invaded Kanchi and plundered its huge wealth.
7. Describe the administration and revenue system during the rule of the Bahamani sultans.
Administration:
(a) There were three levels of administration namely Central, Provincial and Village. Among these, there was revenue, judicial and military administration too.
(b) The Sultan was the chief of the central administration.
(c) The cabinet was called Majlis E-Ilwith.
(d) Top officials, commandants, ulemas and amins were friends and relatives of the Sultan.
(e) Gawan converted the existing 4 provinces into
8 units and these provinces were administered by 15 governments.
(t) The governments were divided into paraganas.Kotwal, Deshmukh and Desai were the administrators of the paraganas. The village was the final independent unit of administration.
Taxation system:
(a) Land tax was the main source of income for the kingdom.
(b) Amir-E-Jumlas were the head of the revenue authorities.
(c) ⅓ to ½ of the agricultural produce was collected as land tax.
(d) There were 50 kinds of taxes including house, mines, tobacco grasslands, trade and employment
8. Explain the education, art and architecture of the Bahamani sultans.
The educational policy of the Adil Shahis was to propagate Islamic culture. There were schools known as maktabs. They were under the control of mosques. The students in the maktabs were taught the alphabet, religion, law, poetry and rhetoric. The madras as were centers of higher education. Mohammed Gawan who was a scholar himself, established a madras a (college) at Bidar to encourage study of the Islamic religion and law. It had a library with around 3000 manuscripts. The college was a lodge for students, teachers, and orthodox people. Astronomy, grammar, mathematics, philosophy and political science were studied in this college. Art and architecture: The Bahamani sultans developed lndo Sareenic style of architecture. The Jamia mosque built by Ali Adil Shah I is
prominent monument even today. Ibrahim Roza, Gol Gumbaz, Gagan Mahal and Asar Mahals are the important world famous monuments. The Gol Gumbaz, at Bijapur is one of the greatest structures in the world. It has an area of 1800 sq ft. There are 7storied minarets in the four corners of the building. There is a huge dome in the center. The unique feature of this dome is that is one whispers standing on one side of the dome, it can be heard clearly on the other side. It is the biggest Dome in India

Religious Promoters And Social Reformers-9th Standard Social Science Notes

Chapter – 3

Religious Promoters And Social Reformers

i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1. Shankara was born at in Kerala.
2. “The world is an illusion, Brahma alone is the Truth”. This statement was declared by ____
3. Proponent of Dwaita philosophy is_____
4. Ramanujacharya's disciples are called ___________
5. The hoysala king __________ had invited Ramanujacharya to his kingdom.
6. ___________ and his disciples advocated Veerashaiva philosophy
Ans:- (1) Kalati (2) Shankaracharya (3) Madwacharya (4) Shrivaishnavites (5) Vishnuvardhana (6) Basaveshwara
ii. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group :
1. Explain the Adwaitha philosophy.
Adwaitha means Brahma is the absolute truth, the rest of the world is false. The soul is one with Brahma, and life is not separate from Brahma. Ultimately, we should merge our ‘atma’ (soul) with
the absolute truth, Brahma. Only then we can attain moksha (liberation).
2. Which is the philosophy advocated by Ramanujacharya? What is their sect called?
Ramanujacharya advocated ‘Vishistadwaitha’ philosophy. His sect called Shrivaishnavites.
3. Explain the philosophy advocated by Ramanujacharya.
Ramanujacharya’s philosophy is called as ‘Vishistadwaitha’.According to this philosophy Jeeva (life) and Prakruthi (Nature) are under the control of Bramha. Both Atma and Paramathma cannot become one simutaneously. He said that world is the expressed manifestation of Bramha and world is a reality. In order to achive Mukthi (salvtion) Bhakti and Prapathi (complete surrendrance to god) are important.
4. What are the teachings of Madhwacharya?
According to Madhwacharya, the world is not maya or illusion. It is as true as Paramatma or the Divine Soul. Between these, the Divine soul is independent and the rest of the world is illusionary. The Divine soul and the human soul have a Lord and Servant relationship. Lord Vishnu or Narayana
alone is supreme. Worship of Lord Vishnu can elevate the human soul and thus enable it to attain moksha.
5. Write a note on the ‘Work is Worship’ philosophy of Basaveshwara.
Basaveshwara advocated ‘self Reliance and insisted one should earn one’s living’. He also declared no profession in more important or less important. He nurtured the culture of ‘work is workship’ through his physical labour philosophy. By declaring “ Body as the temple”, Basaveshwara tried to implement work is workship philosophy in life. These thinkings are still the guiding lights of the present society.
6. Who established Anubhava Mantapa? What were its objectives?
Basavanna started a Sharana spiritual centre called “Anubhava Mantapa” at Basava kalyana of present Bidar.
Objectives-
1. They wanted to eradicate various socio cultural issues like gender discrimination and caste system.
2. They were inisting that one should remain transparent in his life. His external behaviour and internal thinking should remain clean. This transparent state of life is the ‘ultimate truth’ they declared.
3. Their vachanas reach the common people and created a social movement.
7. Name the books written by Shankaracharya. Shankarabhasya, Anandalahari, Soundaryalahari, Shivanandalahari, Viveka choodamani, Prabudda sudhakara and Dakshinamurthy stotra are some of
shankaracharya’s books. His hymn ‘‘Bhajagovindam’’ is world famous. 

Medieval India And Political Transition-9th Standard Social Science Notes

Chapter - 2

Medieval India And Political Transition

i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. The founder of Grujara Prathihara dynasty is __________
2. Prithivraj Chouhan defeated in the first battle of Terrain.
3. The prominent Commander of Mohammed Gohri was .
4. The first woman to rule among the Delhi Sultans was .
5. The famous Sultan of Khilji Dynasty was__________
6. The capital city was shifted from Delhi to during the rule of Thuglaq.
7. ___________ was written by Alberuni
8. Quwatul Islam mosque was constructed by _______
Ans:- (1) Nagabhatta, (2) Mohammed Ghori (3) Qutubuddin Aibak (4) Razia sultana (5) Alauddin (6) Devagiri (7) Tarik-E-Yamini (8)
Qutubuddin Aibak
ii. Answer the following questions:
1. Explain the contributions of Rajput kings to the field of literature.
Rajput kings themselves were scholars. Kings like Bhoja, Munja have written various literary
works. King Munja had poets Padmagupta and Halayudha in his court. King Bhoja had extended
his royal patronage to the Jain scholars; Shanthisena, Prabhachandra Suri, and Ghanapala during his rule. The Poetic works like Jayadeva’s ‘Geethagovinda’, Bharavi’s ‘Keerathanarjuneeya’, Bharthruhari’s ‘Ravana Vadha’, Mahendrapala’s ‘Kavya Meemamse’ were written during the rule of
Rajputs. Dramas like Rajashekara’s ‘Bala Ramayana’ and ‘Karpuramanjari’; Bhavabhuti’s ‘Mahaveeracharitha’ and ‘Uthararamacharita’; and historical works like Kalhana’s ‘Raja Tharangini’;
Jayanika’s ‘Prithiviraja Vijaya’ and Hemachandra’s ‘Kumarapla Charitha’ are the important works. ‘Prithiviraja Raso’ by Chand Bardahi and ‘Bhoja Prabandha’ by Balalla are the noted biographies of Rajput rulers.
2. Explain the administration system of Iltamush briefly.
Iltamush divided his kingdom into Iktas (provinces) and appointed Iktadhars (provincial officers) to run administration. He appointed a group of forty sardars to advise him in administrative issues. The Prime Minister and Judges used to advise him. Iltamush brought gold and silver coins into circulation. 3. What were the administrative reforms implemented by Alluddin Khilji?
1. Allauddin Khilji implemented various reforms in the administration.
2. He abolished religious endowments, Inams (gift) lands and subsidy.
3. An efficient intelligence network was established by him.
4. He prohibited alcohol, drugs and dice game.
5. He banned association formation among his Sardars (lieutenants).
6. During his time, the farmers with minor landholdings and also the big landlords had to pay taxes.
7. He appointed revenue officials to collect the fixed taxes from the farmers.
8. Military reforms: The salary of the soldier was dispersed on the last day of the month in the
form of cash.
9. The process of stamping the horses called as ‘Dhag’ came into effect.
10. He created a system wherein the common people had access to pulses, cereals, cooking oil, sugar, salt and fuel at fair prices.
11. Similarly he established markets to sell horses and slaves.
4. What were the administrative reforms implemented by Mohammed-bin-Tughlaq. Administrative reforms-
1. Revenue reforms: An official record that had all the details of lands of the empire was implemented by him. He established department of agriculture. The uncultivated lands were made cultivable.
2. Shifting of his Capital: He wanted to shift his capital from delhi to devagiri because to
establish the capital city at the centre of the vast empire, and to protect the capital city from foreign invasions.
3. Experiment of symbolic Coins- He brought gold coin named ‘Dinar’ and silver coin named ‘Adli’ into circulation. Copper and brass coins were also brought into circulation symbolically.
5. What were the contributions of Delhi Sultans to art and architecture? Give examples.
 The Delhi Sultans introduced a new style of architecture known as ‘Indo-Islamic’ architecture.
 Arches, domes and minarets are the main features of this style. The Delhi Sultans built forts, Mosques, palaces, public buildings, madrasas and Dharmashalas.
 Qutub minar, Quvat-Ul-Islam mosque, Allai Dharavaja, Juwait Khana
 mosque are the few examples of Indo-Islamic style.