Defence Of The Nation-9th Standard Social Science Notes

CHAPTER – 6

Defence Of The Nation

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The main objective of our defence policy is protecting ________.
2. The Commander-in-Chief of our three Armed Forces is ______.
3. The Chief of the Army is called __________
4. The headquarters of the Defence Ministry is in ___________.
5. The Hindustan Ship-building yard is at ______
6. The border security force training centre is in ___________
7. The Indian Red Cross Society established in ________
Ans:- 1) The sovereignty 2) President, 3) General, 4) Delhi, 5) Vishakhapatnam, 6) Yelahanka in Bangalore 7) 1920
II. Answer the following questions after group discussion.
1. What is the Naval Base near Karwar known as?
The Naval Base near Karwar known as Sea bird.
2. Which are the four divisions of our Defence Ministry?
The four divisions are as follows –
(1) Defence Section
(2) Defence production Section,
(3) Defence Researeh and Development Section
(4) Retired Defence Personal Welfare Section.
3. Explain the structure of the Indian Army.
The headquarters of the India Army is in Delhi. Its head is known as the Commander-in-Chief. He has a Deputy Commander-in-Chief. General, Major General, Brigadier, Military Secretary and a Military Engineer to assist him in his work. The army consists of Infantry, Cavalry, Tank Regiment called the Armed Corps and the Gunners' Regiment. There is a Supply and engineering branch too. The Army has been divided into seven commands for administrative convenience. Each command is under the charge of a general officer (commander- in-chief) of the rank of a Lt. General.
4. Which are the Commands of the Army?
There are seven Commands of the Army. They are –
(i) Western Command at Chandimandir in Chandigarh
(ii) Eastern Command at Kolkata in West Bengal
(iii) Northern Command at Udhampur in Kashmir.
(iv) Southern Command at Pune in Maharashtra.
(v) Central Command at Lucknow In Uttar Pradesh
(vi) Training Command at Mhow in Madhya Pradesh.
(vii) North-Western Command at Jaipur in Rajasthan.
5. Explain the functions of the Indian Air Force.
The Indian Air Force works very effectively and courageously both during war times and peace times. It has succeeded in ensuring safety, security and stability. The headquarters of the Air Force is
in New Delhi. It is organized into five Operational Commands and two Functional Commands.
6. What are the qualifications required for recruitment to the Army?
Those who desire to work in the Armed forces
 Should be service-oriented, patriotic, and ready to sacrifice their lives for the sake of the country and also be familiar with the multicultural fabric of the nation.
 Any citizen of the country irrespective of his religion, caste, class or community can join the military.
 However there are certain conditions with regard to physical requirements, mental health,
general education and technical knowledge that have to be met.
 When recruitments are made to the lower posts of the army, they are made according to the percentage of recruitable male population (RMP) of the State and the Union Territories.
 Recruitment of women to the three armed forces takes place through the
 Women Special Entry Scheme (WSES)
7. What are the aims of N.C.C.? What are its advantages?
The aims of National Cadet Corps are to develop among the students a sense of discipline, leadership qualities, friendliness and service-mindedness. It is a body of disciplined and trained youth force which comes to the rescue of the nation during emergencies. The cadets are given various concessions. Some of them are as follows:
(i) Those who have received N.C.C. training can join the armed forces easily.
(ii) Cadets who have earned distinction during training are given seats in professional college.
(iii) Cadets are given training in handling weapons.
(iv) During training, cadets go on adventures like hiking, trekking, gliding, scaling or mountaineering, sailing etc.
(v) Students who have received N.C.C. training can secure admission in any defence school.
8. Explain the organization of the Indian Red Cross Society. The Indian Red Cross Society is a humanitarian voluntary organization and has nearly 700 branches as State and Union Territories. Its headquarters are in Delhi. The Indian President is its Chairman. A Secretary General is its Administrative Officer. It has an administrative body consisting of 19 members and a Secretary. The President nominates 6 members whereas the remaining 12 members are elected from the State and Union Territories. The Red Cross society renders valuable service to people during natural calamities and other emergencies. 

Indian Election System-9th Standard Social Science Notes

CHAPTER – 5

Indian Election System

I Fill up the blanks:
1. The Electoral roll is revised __________ year.
2. The Public Election Campaign comes to end before ________ hours to Election Day.
3. The recognition to political parties is accorded by __________.
4. The Independence of Journalism is protected by __________.
Ans:- (1) every year (2) 48 (3) The Election Commission (4) ‘Press Council of India’
II Answer the following questions briefly:
1. Write a note on ‘Electoral Roll’.
The voters list is the list which contains the names and certain other details of the voters. It is also called the Electoral Roll. The Electoral Roll is prepared by the Election Commission much before the elections. Electoral Roll is revised every year. At the time of revision the names of those who have attained the age of 18 are included and the names of the dead are deleted. The Electoral Roll helps the polling officials to identify the voters.The Electoral Photo Identity Cards (EPIC) are issued to all the eligible voters by the Election Commission to prevent impersonation. EPIC is also used as a proof for general identification3
2. Prove that “Political Parties are the link between elected representatives and people”.
 Political parties are necessary in the democratic set up.
 Political parties are the link between representatives, government and the people.
 They play a major role in formulating policies for social and economic progress.
 Political parties become a training ground to develop leadership qualities.
3. Write a note on Coalition Governments.
Many a time no party gets the required majority to form the government. Such a situation is called ‘Hung Parliament’ or ‘Hung Assembly’. In such a situation some of the political parties join together and make alliances to get the required majority to form the government. Such alliance is called  ‘Postpollalliance’. At certain times two or more than two parties join together and make alliance before the elections. This type of alliance is called ‘Prepollalliance’. Pre-poll or Post-poll alliance helps political parties to join together to form the government when there is a hung parliament or assembly. Such a government formed with the cooperation of different political parties is called ‘Coalition Government’. The political parties of Coalition Government share power and responsibility by joining Council of Ministers.

Judicial System-9th Standard Social Science Notes

CHAPTER – 4

Judicial System

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The Supreme Court of India came into existence in __________.
2. The retirement age of the High Court judge is ______
3. The Judges are appointed by __________.
4. The head of Revenue Tax Board is ________
5. The Lokadalats came into existence in the year _________
Ans:- (1) January 28, 1950 (2) 62 years (3) The President (4) The Revenue Secretary (5) 1985
II. Answer the following questions with group discussion.
1. Explain the functions of Supreme Court. Functions and powers of Supreme Court-
 Original Powers : Resolving the disputes between the Union and the States, and between the States; Safeguarding the Fundamental Rights of citizens; Interpreting the provisions of the Constitution and passing on writs.
 Appellate Powers : Citizens may file cases in the Supreme Court against the judgements given in the lower courts.
 Advisory Powers : The Supreme Court may advise the President when he seeks its opinion on important public issues. The President may consult the Supreme Court for advice.
 The Supreme Court serves as a Court of Records, Chief Advisor to the Centre and States, and has the power to issue special writs.
2. Write a note on functions of High courts. Functions of the High Courts are-
1. The original power to resolve civil and criminal cases; Naval, Marital and contempt of court cases.
2. To admit appeals against the judgements passed by the subordinate courts in civil and criminal cases.
3. To direct transfer of cases from the lower courts to the High Court; to supervise the working of the subordinate courts; to admit writ petitions to safeguard the Fundamental Rights and other legal rights of citizens; to appoint the staff and regulating them.
3. Name the subordinates courts under the civil courts.
Subordinate courts under the District Courts are -
1. Court of Subordinate Judges
2. Court of Additional Subordinate Judges
3. Court of Munciffs
4. Court of Additional Munciffs
4. Write a note on Criminal courts.
Criminal courts came into existence on 1 April, 1974. They are also known as District Magistrate courts. They function under the High Court. The highest criminal court at the district level is the Sessions court. The District Judge performs the function of a judge of this court too. The court takes up crimes like murder, robbery, dacoits etc. It has the powers to issue death sentences and also life imprisonment sentences.
There are other criminal courts functioning under criminal court:
 Chief Magistrate Court: This court can impose seven years punishment.
 First Grade Magistrate Court: This court has greater powers and can impose punishment upto 3 years or fine upto Rs.5000/-, or impose both. Moreover, it can admit appeals against judgments from lower Magisterial courts.
 Second Grade Magistrate Court: This court has the power to impose punishment upto 2 years or a fine of Rs.1000/- or both.
 Third Grade Magistrate Court:
5. Write a note on Revenue courts.
Revenue courts take up cases related to land tax, land records etc. Revenue Courts comprise the
following courts:
 Tahasildar Court/ Taluk Magistrate Court : The Tahasildar Court is the lowest court
 District Subdivisional Officer’s Court: This court takes up appeals against the decisions and judgments of Tahsildar courts.
 District Revenue Court or District Magistrate Court: This court takes up appeals against the judgments given by the Tahsildar court or the District Subdivisional Officer’s court. The Deputy Commissioner is its judge.
 Commissioner’s Court: This court takes up appeals against the judgments of the district magistrate courts. The Divisional Officer is its judge.
 Revenue Board: This is the highest court dealing with Revenue cases.
6. What are reasons behind the establishment of Lok Adalat court?
In India, the legal procedure is time-consuming and expensive. So government want this Lok Adalat court as an alternative, the Government has set up other forms of legal institutions which function faster and are less expensive.

State Government-9th Standard Social Science Notes

CHAPTER – 3

State Government

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. India has ____________ states and _________union territories.
2. The total number of members of Karnataka Legislative Assembly is ____________.
3. The Karnataka state Legislative Council has ____________ members.
4. The Council of Minister has __________ and _________ power and it is the real executive.
5. The Governor is appointed by the _________
6. The state Advocate General is appointed by __
Ans: (1) 28, 7; (2) 225 (3) 75; (4) Chief Minister; administration (5)President; (6) Governor;
II. Answer the following questions with group discussion.
1. Explain the structure of the Legislative Assembly.
The strength of the Legislative Assembly depends on the population of the State. The maximum
number of seats of any Legislative Assembly/Vidhana Sabha should not exceed 500 or be below 60. The Governor can nominate one member from Anglo Indian community if he feels that they are not represented properly. However, the number of seats in small States is less. Ex- In Mizoram and Goa, there are 40 members each. The Vidhana Sabha in Karnataka has 225 members. 224 members are elected whereas one Anglo-Indian is nominated by the Governor.
2. Which areas do the members of Legislative council represent?
The members of the Legislative Council/represent five fields. Some are elected from among the Members of the Legislative assembly, Local Bodies, Graduates' Constituencies, and Teacher's Constituencies. The Governor nominates some Members who are experts in the field or art, literature, education, social service, science members who have completed their term retire.
3. Write a note on the qualifications and tenure of the Governor.
The qualifications of the office of the Governor are as follows
(l) Should be a citizen of India.
(2) Should not be less than 35 years of age.
(3) Should not hold any office of profit under the Government.
(4) Should not be a Member of either Parliament or State Legislature. If he is a Member of either, he
should resign from that post when he is appointed as the Governor. The term of the office of the Govt. is 5 years.
4. Write a note on the Chief Minister.
The Chief Minister is the Head of the State Government. Success or failure of the State government depends on his personal charm. He is the repository of all the power of the State. He is the Head of the Council of Ministers, the Legislature, and the leader of the majority party in the government. The Chief Minister should be a member of any one of the two Houses. Even those who are not Members of either House can become the Chief Minister. However, he has to become the Member of anyone House within 6 months.

The Union Government-9th Standard Social Science Notes

CHAPTER – 2

The Union Government

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. India is ____________
2. The Union legislature is called___________
3. The Speaker of Rajyasabha is _____________ of India.
4. The minimum age to become the member of Lokasabha is __________
5. The commander-in-chief of all the three forces is ______
6. The election of the president of India is explained in the article _________ and article ____________ of the constitution.
7. The chairman of Union Public Service commission is appointed by ______
8. The Supreme Court came into existence on _________
Ans: (1) Union of States, (2) Parliament, (3) Vice President, (4) 25 years, (5) President, (6) 54, 55 , (7) President, (8) 28th Jan 1950.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. Write a note on the houses of parliament.
The Parliament consists of two Houses. The Upper House is called Rajya Sabha and the Lower
House is called Lok Sabha.
Rajya Sabha :
The number of seats in the Rajya Sabha is 250, of which 238 members are elected by the members of
the State Assemblies and Union Territories. This House is also known as the House of Elders. Term of Office: The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and is not dissolved like the Lok Sabha. But the term of the members is six years. One-third of its members retire on completion of six year term every second year.
Lok Sabha :
The members of the Lok Sabha are elected  directly by the people, so, it is known as the House of People. The maximum number of seats is 545.
Term of Office: The Lok Sabha members are elected for a term of five years.
2. Write a short note on the structure of Rajyasabha.
The number of seats in the Rajya Sabha is 250, of which 238 members are elected by the members of
the State Assemblies and Union Territories. The remaining 12 members, who are experts from various fields like literature, art, science and social work are nominated by the President. This House is also known as the House of Elders. The Vice-President is the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The Deputy Chairman is chosen from among the members. At least 10% of the members (a minimum of 25 members) should be present during the sessions of the Rajya Sabha. The House should meet at least twice in a year.
3. What are the qualifications needed to become a member of Lokasabha?
Qualifications of the Members :
1. Should be a citizen of India.
2. Must not be less than 25 years of age.
3. Should not hold any office of profit under the Government.
4. Should not be a person of unsound mind.
5. Should not have been punished under law.
6. Should possess qualifications as specified by Parliament from time to time.
4. Explain the election process for the post of the President.
The President is elected by an electoral college of elected members of both Houses of Parliament, all elected members of the legislative assemblies of all the States.
5. List out the powers of the Prime Minister.
Appointment and Removal of Ministers, and Allocation of Port folios : The Prime Minister recommends to the President the appointment of Ministers to the Council of Ministers. He also allocates the various portfolios among the Ministers. His decision is final in the allocation of portfolios.
Head of Government : The Prime Minister is responsible for all actions of the Government. He co-ordinates the activities of the various Ministers. He takes greater interest in framing policies related to planning, defence and foreign affairs.
Head of Union Cabinet : The meetings of the Union Cabinet are held under the Chairmanship of the Prime Minister. All discussions of issues of national and international importance are discussed and decisions are taken under his chairmanship. He is the link between the President and the Cabinet.
6. Write a note on the formation of union cabinet and its responsibilities.
Formation of union cabinet: The Union Cabinet is the real Executive and has Ministers in two hierarchies. The first one is the cabinet level and the second is the Minister of State. The maximum strength of the Union Cabinet is 15 of the total strength of the parliament Responsibilities: The Cabinet has two kinds of responsibilities. The Minister of eve I)' department IS responsible for the administration of his department. He has individual responsibility for the success or failure of his department. The Union Cabinet has collective responsibility to the Parliament with regard to the  decisions and policies taken by it. Therefore, the cabinet can be in power only as long as it enjoys the trust of the Parliament. When it loses the trust, it has to be removed by a No- Confidence Motion.

Our Constitution-9th Standard Social Science Notes

CHAPTER – 1

Our Constitution

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The Law which governs the States is _______
2. The meeting of new Constituent Assembly was held on __________.
3. The Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution was _______
4. Our Constitution provides for a ____________ system of Government.
5. The State where the people enjoy sovereign power is called _________
6. Our Constitution provides for _________ citizenship to its citizens.
7. The Right for Constitutional Remedies has been incorporated in Article ________
8. The Directive Principles of State Policy are borrowed from _______ Constitution.
Ans: (1) Constitution, (2) 11th December, 1946 (3) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, (4) democratic, (5) Sovereign Republic, (6) single, (7) 32, (8) Irish
II. Answer the following questions.
1. Who was the President of the Constituent Assembly?
The President of the New Constituent Assembly was Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
2. When did the Constitution come into force?
The Constitution came into practice from 26th January 1950.
3. What does the Preamble to the Constitution contain?
The Preamble to the Constitution contains the fundamental policies and ideals of the constitution. It is the sum of the structure, values, principles and goals of the constitution. It is based on the aspirations and ideals of the people of India.
4. What do you mean by ‘Secularism’?
In India, the citizens have the liberty to practise any religion they desire. No religion has been given the status of a National religion. This is known as Secularism.
5. Explain the salient features of our Constitution.
Some of the salient features of our Constitution are as follows: Our Constitution
 Written and Lengthy Constitution
 Partially Flexible and partially Rigid Constitution
 Parliamentary Form of Government
 Republican System
 Federal System
 Fundamental Rights
 Fundamental Duties
 Directive Principles of State Policy
 Independent and Centralized Judiciary System
 Single Citizenship
 Adult Franchise
 Bicameral Legislature
 Party System
6. Which are the Fundamental Rights incorporated in our Constitution?
Our Fundamental Rights are -
(1) Right to Liberty, (2) Right to Equality, (3) Right against Exploitation, (4) Right to Religion,
(5) Right to Education and culture and (0) Right to Constitutional remedy.
7. Make a List of the Fundamental Duties.
There are eleven fundamental duties. They are as follows:
(1) To respect the Constitution, National t1ag and National Anthem.
(2) To follow the noble ideals that inspired our National Struggle for freedom.
(3) To protect the integrity of India.
(4) To defend the motherland when called upon to do so
(5) To promote the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India.
(6) To preserve our rich heritage.
(7) To protect and improve the natural environment
(8) To develop the scientific temper and the spirit of enquiry.
(9) To safeguard public property and leave the violence.
(10) To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activities.
(11) The father or the guardians should provide an opportunity for education to their children from
the age of 6 to 18 years.
8. Which are the Directive Principles of State Policy?
The Directive Principles of State Policy are as follows:
(1) To provide adequate means of livelihood to all citizens.
(2) To prevent the community wealth and resources from becoming the private property of a
few people.
(3) To provide equal pay for equal work to both men and women, and to protect labour welfare.
(4) To provide public assistance to those who are old, sick. weak or helpless.
(5) To implement a Uniform Civil Code throughout the country.
(6) To provide opportunities for healthy development and preschool education of all
children below 6 years.
(7) To protect historical monuments and main tall places of historical interest.
(8) To separate the Executive and the Judiciary.
(9) To protect international peace and respect international law.
(10) To establish Gram Panchayats.
(11) To encourage rural and cottage industries.
(12) To organize and develop agriculture and animal husbandry on modem lines.
(13) To ensure prohibition of liquor.
(14) To ensure development of farming based on scientific methods.
.

Revolution And Unification Of Nations-9th Standard Social Science Notes

Chapter - 9

Revolution And Unification Of Nations

i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The 13 colonies established by England on the Atlantic coast were called _____________.
2. The representatives of the 13 colonies met in 1774 at ______.
3. Declaration of America’s independence was on _________
4. The writer of Spirit of Laws was __________
5. The party ‘Young Italy’ was formed by __________
6. The philosophy of ‘blood and steel’ was advocated by _______
Ans: (1) New English Colonies, (2) Philadelphia, (3) 4th July, (4) Montesquieu, (5) Joseph Mazzini, (6) Otto-van-Bismarck
ii. Answer the following questions.
1. Mention the reasons for American War of Independence.
Some of the reasons for American War of Independence are as follows:
(a) The rise of nationalism among the people of the colonies.
(b) The desire for independence among the colonies.
(c) The effects of the 'Seven Years' war.
(d) The naval regulations.
(e) Influence of writers like Thomas Paine, John Adams, Samuel Adams, John Edward Coke and
Benjamin Franklin.
(f) The Quebec regulation.
(g) The Townsend taxes and
(h) The Boston tea party.
2. Explain the significance of the American war of independence.
The American war of independence acted as an inspiration for the French Revolution. Many of the French who fought assisting the colonial army became leaders of the French revolution. Many of
the Spanish and the Portuguese colonies in America got inspired to become free and hence, revolted against their motherland. The new nation called the United States of America was born.
3. How were economic factors responsible for the French revolution?
The economic factors responsible for the French revolution are France was an agriculturedominated
nation. In spite of advances in agricultural practices, production lagged behind. The yield from land was very low. The fanners were the most affected. Famines were frequent. As a result, there used to be revolts and riots for food. Industries were under the control of trade unions. Due to internal strife and interference from authorities, the development of these unions was sluggish. Hence, productivity was low.
4. What was the role of Garibaldi in Italy’s unification?
Garibaldi is one of the architects of Italy's unification. He was a soldier and fighter. He joined  the Young Italy part and assumed leadership of the revolution. After that he constituted an army called
Red Brigade and with the help of Sardinia, fought with Austria. In 1860, he fought against the twin
states of Sicily using his Red Brigade. By conquering the same, he hastened the national integration and pressed for democratic reforms.
5. Who was the architect of unification of Germany? Write a note on him.
Ottoman Bismarek was the architect of Germany's unification. He was the chief minister of the King of Prussia, Williams. He had gained lot of popularity as an ambassador in various nations like Austria, France and Russia. He had the knowledge of their strengths and weaknesses. His ambition was the unification of Germany; He wanted to convert Germany into Prussia. That meant inculcating the culture and traditions, and spread the administrative machinery and military power all over Germany; He built a powerful army on the principle of 'Blood and Steel'. His next aim was to drive out Austria from German states association. The well-formed German armies defeated Austria in the year 1866 A.D. Bismarek realized that a war with France was inevitable to gain the 16 German states in the south attached to France. He was successful in merging these states with Germany when Napoleon was defeated by these states when he tried to capture them. Thus Bismarek completed the unification of Germany.