Vijayanagara And Bahamani Kingdoms-9th Standard Social Science Notes

Chapter - 4

Vijayanagara And Bahamani Kingdoms

i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. Vijayanagar empire was established in the year ______________.
2. The Madhuravijaya was written by ________
3. Praudhadevaraya’s minister was _________
4. The king who wrote Amukta Malyada in Telugu was __________.
5. Madarasa at Bidar was established by ______
6. The Kitab-E-Navarasa was written by ______
Ans: (1) 1336 A.D., Hakka & Bukka. (2) Gangadevi; (3) Lakkanna Dandesha; (4) Krishnadevaraya; (5) Mohammad Gawan; (6) Ibrahim Adil Shah II
ii. Answer the following questions after discussing in your group.
1. Name the four dynasties who ruled Vijaynanagar Empire.
Four dynasties who ruled Vijayanagar Empire are (1) Sangama, (2) Saluva, (3) Tuluva, and (4) Araveedu.
2. What were the achievements of Devaraya II?
Devaraya II achievements are as follows –
(a) He defeated the king Gajapati Kapilendra of Orissa and seized Kondaveedu.
(b) He expanded his kingdom upto Krishna river in the north east by suppressing the regional leader
of the border.
(c) He defeated the Kerala state and received royalties from Kerala and Srilanka. Hence he came to be known as Dakshinapathada Chakravarthi (the Emperor of the South).
(d) He chased the traditional foe Ahmed Shah of Bahamani till Bijapur and occupied Mudgal and
Bankapura.
(e) His commander, Lakkanna Dandesha, took up a successful naval victory.
3. What were the problems Krishnadevaraya had to face when he ascended the throne?
When Krishnadevaraya came to power, the  kingdom was besieged by various complex internal and external problems.
(a) The Europeans, who had arrived through new sea routes, had established colonies.
(b) The Moghuls of the north were trying to expand their kingdom in the southern region.
(c) The five Shahi kingdoms of the Bahamani dynasty became powerful Sultanates and plunged into war against Krishnadevaraya. And
(d) The kings of Ummatthur and Orissa were a constant source of threat.
4. What are the contributions of Vijayanagar Empire to the economic system and society?
Economic system:
(a) Land tax was the main source of revenue for the kingdom.
(b) Farmers gave ¼ of their income to the government as tax.
(c) Professional tax, revenue tax, road tax, market tax, commercial tax, import and export taxes and
tributes from the vassals were other forms of revenue to the kingdom.
(d) Agriculture was the backbone of the economy. Many important food and cash crops were grown.
(e) Many wells, tanks and canals were constructed for irrigation and agriculture.
(f) There was great progress in the field of industries and commerce.
(g) Spices like pepper, cloves and cardamom, salt petre, iron ore, diamonds, granulated sugar, must,
sandal perfume etc. were exported.
(h) There were many textile industries.
(i) Coins of different denominations like gold coins, gadyaana, pagoda, silver coins and copper coins were in use. There were diamonds, iron ore centers, Sapphires used to be available in plenty.
G) Countries like Arab, China and Portugal had trade relations with the Vijayanagar Empire.
Society:
(a) The society was based on the 4-tiered caste system. However, there was also occupation-based
caste system.
(b) There were many skilled artisans, blacksmiths, bell-metal smiths, carpenters, weavers and cobblers in the society.
(c) The practice of child marriage, sati and devadasi were prevalent.
(d) Though monogamy was the common practice, kings and rich people had many wives.
5. Describe the art and architecture of the Vijayanagar period.
The unique feature of their architecture was the construction of huge auditoriam and marriage halls. Temples had huge towers (rayagopura), leafshaped arches and platforms. In this art, more than ornamentation, the qualities of grandeur, awe and elegance were given importance. Rough granite
stone (kanashile) was used for construction of these structures.
The temples were built in Hampi, Shringeri, Tirupati, Lepakshi, Karkala, Bhatkal, kanchi, Srishaila, Kolar etc. The most important temple was Vidyashankara temple at Shrigeri which has unique structure. The Vijaya Vitthala temple of Hampi is known for its magnificent architectural beauty. The saptaswara musical pillars, huge marriage halls and the stone chariot have enhanced the beauty of this temple. The most ancient temple at Hampi, the Virupaksha temple has a vast courtyard/ hall. It has many pillars with sculptures and decorative ceilings.
6. How can Gawan be considered as the best Prime minister in Bahamani dynasty?
As a Prime Minister of the Bahamani kingdom, Mohammed Gawan took the Bahamani kingdom to great heights through his efficient administration and victories. Gawan conquered Konkan, Goa and Belgaum. Later, He invaded Orissa and conquered Kondaveedu. In the year 1481 A.D., he invaded Kanchi and plundered its huge wealth.
7. Describe the administration and revenue system during the rule of the Bahamani sultans.
Administration:
(a) There were three levels of administration namely Central, Provincial and Village. Among these, there was revenue, judicial and military administration too.
(b) The Sultan was the chief of the central administration.
(c) The cabinet was called Majlis E-Ilwith.
(d) Top officials, commandants, ulemas and amins were friends and relatives of the Sultan.
(e) Gawan converted the existing 4 provinces into
8 units and these provinces were administered by 15 governments.
(t) The governments were divided into paraganas.Kotwal, Deshmukh and Desai were the administrators of the paraganas. The village was the final independent unit of administration.
Taxation system:
(a) Land tax was the main source of income for the kingdom.
(b) Amir-E-Jumlas were the head of the revenue authorities.
(c) ⅓ to ½ of the agricultural produce was collected as land tax.
(d) There were 50 kinds of taxes including house, mines, tobacco grasslands, trade and employment
8. Explain the education, art and architecture of the Bahamani sultans.
The educational policy of the Adil Shahis was to propagate Islamic culture. There were schools known as maktabs. They were under the control of mosques. The students in the maktabs were taught the alphabet, religion, law, poetry and rhetoric. The madras as were centers of higher education. Mohammed Gawan who was a scholar himself, established a madras a (college) at Bidar to encourage study of the Islamic religion and law. It had a library with around 3000 manuscripts. The college was a lodge for students, teachers, and orthodox people. Astronomy, grammar, mathematics, philosophy and political science were studied in this college. Art and architecture: The Bahamani sultans developed lndo Sareenic style of architecture. The Jamia mosque built by Ali Adil Shah I is
prominent monument even today. Ibrahim Roza, Gol Gumbaz, Gagan Mahal and Asar Mahals are the important world famous monuments. The Gol Gumbaz, at Bijapur is one of the greatest structures in the world. It has an area of 1800 sq ft. There are 7storied minarets in the four corners of the building. There is a huge dome in the center. The unique feature of this dome is that is one whispers standing on one side of the dome, it can be heard clearly on the other side. It is the biggest Dome in India