Defence Of The Nation-9th Standard Social Science Notes

CHAPTER – 6

Defence Of The Nation

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The main objective of our defence policy is protecting ________.
2. The Commander-in-Chief of our three Armed Forces is ______.
3. The Chief of the Army is called __________
4. The headquarters of the Defence Ministry is in ___________.
5. The Hindustan Ship-building yard is at ______
6. The border security force training centre is in ___________
7. The Indian Red Cross Society established in ________
Ans:- 1) The sovereignty 2) President, 3) General, 4) Delhi, 5) Vishakhapatnam, 6) Yelahanka in Bangalore 7) 1920
II. Answer the following questions after group discussion.
1. What is the Naval Base near Karwar known as?
The Naval Base near Karwar known as Sea bird.
2. Which are the four divisions of our Defence Ministry?
The four divisions are as follows –
(1) Defence Section
(2) Defence production Section,
(3) Defence Researeh and Development Section
(4) Retired Defence Personal Welfare Section.
3. Explain the structure of the Indian Army.
The headquarters of the India Army is in Delhi. Its head is known as the Commander-in-Chief. He has a Deputy Commander-in-Chief. General, Major General, Brigadier, Military Secretary and a Military Engineer to assist him in his work. The army consists of Infantry, Cavalry, Tank Regiment called the Armed Corps and the Gunners' Regiment. There is a Supply and engineering branch too. The Army has been divided into seven commands for administrative convenience. Each command is under the charge of a general officer (commander- in-chief) of the rank of a Lt. General.
4. Which are the Commands of the Army?
There are seven Commands of the Army. They are –
(i) Western Command at Chandimandir in Chandigarh
(ii) Eastern Command at Kolkata in West Bengal
(iii) Northern Command at Udhampur in Kashmir.
(iv) Southern Command at Pune in Maharashtra.
(v) Central Command at Lucknow In Uttar Pradesh
(vi) Training Command at Mhow in Madhya Pradesh.
(vii) North-Western Command at Jaipur in Rajasthan.
5. Explain the functions of the Indian Air Force.
The Indian Air Force works very effectively and courageously both during war times and peace times. It has succeeded in ensuring safety, security and stability. The headquarters of the Air Force is
in New Delhi. It is organized into five Operational Commands and two Functional Commands.
6. What are the qualifications required for recruitment to the Army?
Those who desire to work in the Armed forces
 Should be service-oriented, patriotic, and ready to sacrifice their lives for the sake of the country and also be familiar with the multicultural fabric of the nation.
 Any citizen of the country irrespective of his religion, caste, class or community can join the military.
 However there are certain conditions with regard to physical requirements, mental health,
general education and technical knowledge that have to be met.
 When recruitments are made to the lower posts of the army, they are made according to the percentage of recruitable male population (RMP) of the State and the Union Territories.
 Recruitment of women to the three armed forces takes place through the
 Women Special Entry Scheme (WSES)
7. What are the aims of N.C.C.? What are its advantages?
The aims of National Cadet Corps are to develop among the students a sense of discipline, leadership qualities, friendliness and service-mindedness. It is a body of disciplined and trained youth force which comes to the rescue of the nation during emergencies. The cadets are given various concessions. Some of them are as follows:
(i) Those who have received N.C.C. training can join the armed forces easily.
(ii) Cadets who have earned distinction during training are given seats in professional college.
(iii) Cadets are given training in handling weapons.
(iv) During training, cadets go on adventures like hiking, trekking, gliding, scaling or mountaineering, sailing etc.
(v) Students who have received N.C.C. training can secure admission in any defence school.
8. Explain the organization of the Indian Red Cross Society. The Indian Red Cross Society is a humanitarian voluntary organization and has nearly 700 branches as State and Union Territories. Its headquarters are in Delhi. The Indian President is its Chairman. A Secretary General is its Administrative Officer. It has an administrative body consisting of 19 members and a Secretary. The President nominates 6 members whereas the remaining 12 members are elected from the State and Union Territories. The Red Cross society renders valuable service to people during natural calamities and other emergencies. 

Indian Election System-9th Standard Social Science Notes

CHAPTER – 5

Indian Election System

I Fill up the blanks:
1. The Electoral roll is revised __________ year.
2. The Public Election Campaign comes to end before ________ hours to Election Day.
3. The recognition to political parties is accorded by __________.
4. The Independence of Journalism is protected by __________.
Ans:- (1) every year (2) 48 (3) The Election Commission (4) ‘Press Council of India’
II Answer the following questions briefly:
1. Write a note on ‘Electoral Roll’.
The voters list is the list which contains the names and certain other details of the voters. It is also called the Electoral Roll. The Electoral Roll is prepared by the Election Commission much before the elections. Electoral Roll is revised every year. At the time of revision the names of those who have attained the age of 18 are included and the names of the dead are deleted. The Electoral Roll helps the polling officials to identify the voters.The Electoral Photo Identity Cards (EPIC) are issued to all the eligible voters by the Election Commission to prevent impersonation. EPIC is also used as a proof for general identification3
2. Prove that “Political Parties are the link between elected representatives and people”.
 Political parties are necessary in the democratic set up.
 Political parties are the link between representatives, government and the people.
 They play a major role in formulating policies for social and economic progress.
 Political parties become a training ground to develop leadership qualities.
3. Write a note on Coalition Governments.
Many a time no party gets the required majority to form the government. Such a situation is called ‘Hung Parliament’ or ‘Hung Assembly’. In such a situation some of the political parties join together and make alliances to get the required majority to form the government. Such alliance is called  ‘Postpollalliance’. At certain times two or more than two parties join together and make alliance before the elections. This type of alliance is called ‘Prepollalliance’. Pre-poll or Post-poll alliance helps political parties to join together to form the government when there is a hung parliament or assembly. Such a government formed with the cooperation of different political parties is called ‘Coalition Government’. The political parties of Coalition Government share power and responsibility by joining Council of Ministers.

Judicial System-9th Standard Social Science Notes

CHAPTER – 4

Judicial System

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The Supreme Court of India came into existence in __________.
2. The retirement age of the High Court judge is ______
3. The Judges are appointed by __________.
4. The head of Revenue Tax Board is ________
5. The Lokadalats came into existence in the year _________
Ans:- (1) January 28, 1950 (2) 62 years (3) The President (4) The Revenue Secretary (5) 1985
II. Answer the following questions with group discussion.
1. Explain the functions of Supreme Court. Functions and powers of Supreme Court-
 Original Powers : Resolving the disputes between the Union and the States, and between the States; Safeguarding the Fundamental Rights of citizens; Interpreting the provisions of the Constitution and passing on writs.
 Appellate Powers : Citizens may file cases in the Supreme Court against the judgements given in the lower courts.
 Advisory Powers : The Supreme Court may advise the President when he seeks its opinion on important public issues. The President may consult the Supreme Court for advice.
 The Supreme Court serves as a Court of Records, Chief Advisor to the Centre and States, and has the power to issue special writs.
2. Write a note on functions of High courts. Functions of the High Courts are-
1. The original power to resolve civil and criminal cases; Naval, Marital and contempt of court cases.
2. To admit appeals against the judgements passed by the subordinate courts in civil and criminal cases.
3. To direct transfer of cases from the lower courts to the High Court; to supervise the working of the subordinate courts; to admit writ petitions to safeguard the Fundamental Rights and other legal rights of citizens; to appoint the staff and regulating them.
3. Name the subordinates courts under the civil courts.
Subordinate courts under the District Courts are -
1. Court of Subordinate Judges
2. Court of Additional Subordinate Judges
3. Court of Munciffs
4. Court of Additional Munciffs
4. Write a note on Criminal courts.
Criminal courts came into existence on 1 April, 1974. They are also known as District Magistrate courts. They function under the High Court. The highest criminal court at the district level is the Sessions court. The District Judge performs the function of a judge of this court too. The court takes up crimes like murder, robbery, dacoits etc. It has the powers to issue death sentences and also life imprisonment sentences.
There are other criminal courts functioning under criminal court:
 Chief Magistrate Court: This court can impose seven years punishment.
 First Grade Magistrate Court: This court has greater powers and can impose punishment upto 3 years or fine upto Rs.5000/-, or impose both. Moreover, it can admit appeals against judgments from lower Magisterial courts.
 Second Grade Magistrate Court: This court has the power to impose punishment upto 2 years or a fine of Rs.1000/- or both.
 Third Grade Magistrate Court:
5. Write a note on Revenue courts.
Revenue courts take up cases related to land tax, land records etc. Revenue Courts comprise the
following courts:
 Tahasildar Court/ Taluk Magistrate Court : The Tahasildar Court is the lowest court
 District Subdivisional Officer’s Court: This court takes up appeals against the decisions and judgments of Tahsildar courts.
 District Revenue Court or District Magistrate Court: This court takes up appeals against the judgments given by the Tahsildar court or the District Subdivisional Officer’s court. The Deputy Commissioner is its judge.
 Commissioner’s Court: This court takes up appeals against the judgments of the district magistrate courts. The Divisional Officer is its judge.
 Revenue Board: This is the highest court dealing with Revenue cases.
6. What are reasons behind the establishment of Lok Adalat court?
In India, the legal procedure is time-consuming and expensive. So government want this Lok Adalat court as an alternative, the Government has set up other forms of legal institutions which function faster and are less expensive.

State Government-9th Standard Social Science Notes

CHAPTER – 3

State Government

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. India has ____________ states and _________union territories.
2. The total number of members of Karnataka Legislative Assembly is ____________.
3. The Karnataka state Legislative Council has ____________ members.
4. The Council of Minister has __________ and _________ power and it is the real executive.
5. The Governor is appointed by the _________
6. The state Advocate General is appointed by __
Ans: (1) 28, 7; (2) 225 (3) 75; (4) Chief Minister; administration (5)President; (6) Governor;
II. Answer the following questions with group discussion.
1. Explain the structure of the Legislative Assembly.
The strength of the Legislative Assembly depends on the population of the State. The maximum
number of seats of any Legislative Assembly/Vidhana Sabha should not exceed 500 or be below 60. The Governor can nominate one member from Anglo Indian community if he feels that they are not represented properly. However, the number of seats in small States is less. Ex- In Mizoram and Goa, there are 40 members each. The Vidhana Sabha in Karnataka has 225 members. 224 members are elected whereas one Anglo-Indian is nominated by the Governor.
2. Which areas do the members of Legislative council represent?
The members of the Legislative Council/represent five fields. Some are elected from among the Members of the Legislative assembly, Local Bodies, Graduates' Constituencies, and Teacher's Constituencies. The Governor nominates some Members who are experts in the field or art, literature, education, social service, science members who have completed their term retire.
3. Write a note on the qualifications and tenure of the Governor.
The qualifications of the office of the Governor are as follows
(l) Should be a citizen of India.
(2) Should not be less than 35 years of age.
(3) Should not hold any office of profit under the Government.
(4) Should not be a Member of either Parliament or State Legislature. If he is a Member of either, he
should resign from that post when he is appointed as the Governor. The term of the office of the Govt. is 5 years.
4. Write a note on the Chief Minister.
The Chief Minister is the Head of the State Government. Success or failure of the State government depends on his personal charm. He is the repository of all the power of the State. He is the Head of the Council of Ministers, the Legislature, and the leader of the majority party in the government. The Chief Minister should be a member of any one of the two Houses. Even those who are not Members of either House can become the Chief Minister. However, he has to become the Member of anyone House within 6 months.

The Union Government-9th Standard Social Science Notes

CHAPTER – 2

The Union Government

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. India is ____________
2. The Union legislature is called___________
3. The Speaker of Rajyasabha is _____________ of India.
4. The minimum age to become the member of Lokasabha is __________
5. The commander-in-chief of all the three forces is ______
6. The election of the president of India is explained in the article _________ and article ____________ of the constitution.
7. The chairman of Union Public Service commission is appointed by ______
8. The Supreme Court came into existence on _________
Ans: (1) Union of States, (2) Parliament, (3) Vice President, (4) 25 years, (5) President, (6) 54, 55 , (7) President, (8) 28th Jan 1950.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. Write a note on the houses of parliament.
The Parliament consists of two Houses. The Upper House is called Rajya Sabha and the Lower
House is called Lok Sabha.
Rajya Sabha :
The number of seats in the Rajya Sabha is 250, of which 238 members are elected by the members of
the State Assemblies and Union Territories. This House is also known as the House of Elders. Term of Office: The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and is not dissolved like the Lok Sabha. But the term of the members is six years. One-third of its members retire on completion of six year term every second year.
Lok Sabha :
The members of the Lok Sabha are elected  directly by the people, so, it is known as the House of People. The maximum number of seats is 545.
Term of Office: The Lok Sabha members are elected for a term of five years.
2. Write a short note on the structure of Rajyasabha.
The number of seats in the Rajya Sabha is 250, of which 238 members are elected by the members of
the State Assemblies and Union Territories. The remaining 12 members, who are experts from various fields like literature, art, science and social work are nominated by the President. This House is also known as the House of Elders. The Vice-President is the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The Deputy Chairman is chosen from among the members. At least 10% of the members (a minimum of 25 members) should be present during the sessions of the Rajya Sabha. The House should meet at least twice in a year.
3. What are the qualifications needed to become a member of Lokasabha?
Qualifications of the Members :
1. Should be a citizen of India.
2. Must not be less than 25 years of age.
3. Should not hold any office of profit under the Government.
4. Should not be a person of unsound mind.
5. Should not have been punished under law.
6. Should possess qualifications as specified by Parliament from time to time.
4. Explain the election process for the post of the President.
The President is elected by an electoral college of elected members of both Houses of Parliament, all elected members of the legislative assemblies of all the States.
5. List out the powers of the Prime Minister.
Appointment and Removal of Ministers, and Allocation of Port folios : The Prime Minister recommends to the President the appointment of Ministers to the Council of Ministers. He also allocates the various portfolios among the Ministers. His decision is final in the allocation of portfolios.
Head of Government : The Prime Minister is responsible for all actions of the Government. He co-ordinates the activities of the various Ministers. He takes greater interest in framing policies related to planning, defence and foreign affairs.
Head of Union Cabinet : The meetings of the Union Cabinet are held under the Chairmanship of the Prime Minister. All discussions of issues of national and international importance are discussed and decisions are taken under his chairmanship. He is the link between the President and the Cabinet.
6. Write a note on the formation of union cabinet and its responsibilities.
Formation of union cabinet: The Union Cabinet is the real Executive and has Ministers in two hierarchies. The first one is the cabinet level and the second is the Minister of State. The maximum strength of the Union Cabinet is 15 of the total strength of the parliament Responsibilities: The Cabinet has two kinds of responsibilities. The Minister of eve I)' department IS responsible for the administration of his department. He has individual responsibility for the success or failure of his department. The Union Cabinet has collective responsibility to the Parliament with regard to the  decisions and policies taken by it. Therefore, the cabinet can be in power only as long as it enjoys the trust of the Parliament. When it loses the trust, it has to be removed by a No- Confidence Motion.

Our Constitution-9th Standard Social Science Notes

CHAPTER – 1

Our Constitution

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The Law which governs the States is _______
2. The meeting of new Constituent Assembly was held on __________.
3. The Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution was _______
4. Our Constitution provides for a ____________ system of Government.
5. The State where the people enjoy sovereign power is called _________
6. Our Constitution provides for _________ citizenship to its citizens.
7. The Right for Constitutional Remedies has been incorporated in Article ________
8. The Directive Principles of State Policy are borrowed from _______ Constitution.
Ans: (1) Constitution, (2) 11th December, 1946 (3) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, (4) democratic, (5) Sovereign Republic, (6) single, (7) 32, (8) Irish
II. Answer the following questions.
1. Who was the President of the Constituent Assembly?
The President of the New Constituent Assembly was Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
2. When did the Constitution come into force?
The Constitution came into practice from 26th January 1950.
3. What does the Preamble to the Constitution contain?
The Preamble to the Constitution contains the fundamental policies and ideals of the constitution. It is the sum of the structure, values, principles and goals of the constitution. It is based on the aspirations and ideals of the people of India.
4. What do you mean by ‘Secularism’?
In India, the citizens have the liberty to practise any religion they desire. No religion has been given the status of a National religion. This is known as Secularism.
5. Explain the salient features of our Constitution.
Some of the salient features of our Constitution are as follows: Our Constitution
 Written and Lengthy Constitution
 Partially Flexible and partially Rigid Constitution
 Parliamentary Form of Government
 Republican System
 Federal System
 Fundamental Rights
 Fundamental Duties
 Directive Principles of State Policy
 Independent and Centralized Judiciary System
 Single Citizenship
 Adult Franchise
 Bicameral Legislature
 Party System
6. Which are the Fundamental Rights incorporated in our Constitution?
Our Fundamental Rights are -
(1) Right to Liberty, (2) Right to Equality, (3) Right against Exploitation, (4) Right to Religion,
(5) Right to Education and culture and (0) Right to Constitutional remedy.
7. Make a List of the Fundamental Duties.
There are eleven fundamental duties. They are as follows:
(1) To respect the Constitution, National t1ag and National Anthem.
(2) To follow the noble ideals that inspired our National Struggle for freedom.
(3) To protect the integrity of India.
(4) To defend the motherland when called upon to do so
(5) To promote the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India.
(6) To preserve our rich heritage.
(7) To protect and improve the natural environment
(8) To develop the scientific temper and the spirit of enquiry.
(9) To safeguard public property and leave the violence.
(10) To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activities.
(11) The father or the guardians should provide an opportunity for education to their children from
the age of 6 to 18 years.
8. Which are the Directive Principles of State Policy?
The Directive Principles of State Policy are as follows:
(1) To provide adequate means of livelihood to all citizens.
(2) To prevent the community wealth and resources from becoming the private property of a
few people.
(3) To provide equal pay for equal work to both men and women, and to protect labour welfare.
(4) To provide public assistance to those who are old, sick. weak or helpless.
(5) To implement a Uniform Civil Code throughout the country.
(6) To provide opportunities for healthy development and preschool education of all
children below 6 years.
(7) To protect historical monuments and main tall places of historical interest.
(8) To separate the Executive and the Judiciary.
(9) To protect international peace and respect international law.
(10) To establish Gram Panchayats.
(11) To encourage rural and cottage industries.
(12) To organize and develop agriculture and animal husbandry on modem lines.
(13) To ensure prohibition of liquor.
(14) To ensure development of farming based on scientific methods.
.

Revolution And Unification Of Nations-9th Standard Social Science Notes

Chapter - 9

Revolution And Unification Of Nations

i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The 13 colonies established by England on the Atlantic coast were called _____________.
2. The representatives of the 13 colonies met in 1774 at ______.
3. Declaration of America’s independence was on _________
4. The writer of Spirit of Laws was __________
5. The party ‘Young Italy’ was formed by __________
6. The philosophy of ‘blood and steel’ was advocated by _______
Ans: (1) New English Colonies, (2) Philadelphia, (3) 4th July, (4) Montesquieu, (5) Joseph Mazzini, (6) Otto-van-Bismarck
ii. Answer the following questions.
1. Mention the reasons for American War of Independence.
Some of the reasons for American War of Independence are as follows:
(a) The rise of nationalism among the people of the colonies.
(b) The desire for independence among the colonies.
(c) The effects of the 'Seven Years' war.
(d) The naval regulations.
(e) Influence of writers like Thomas Paine, John Adams, Samuel Adams, John Edward Coke and
Benjamin Franklin.
(f) The Quebec regulation.
(g) The Townsend taxes and
(h) The Boston tea party.
2. Explain the significance of the American war of independence.
The American war of independence acted as an inspiration for the French Revolution. Many of the French who fought assisting the colonial army became leaders of the French revolution. Many of
the Spanish and the Portuguese colonies in America got inspired to become free and hence, revolted against their motherland. The new nation called the United States of America was born.
3. How were economic factors responsible for the French revolution?
The economic factors responsible for the French revolution are France was an agriculturedominated
nation. In spite of advances in agricultural practices, production lagged behind. The yield from land was very low. The fanners were the most affected. Famines were frequent. As a result, there used to be revolts and riots for food. Industries were under the control of trade unions. Due to internal strife and interference from authorities, the development of these unions was sluggish. Hence, productivity was low.
4. What was the role of Garibaldi in Italy’s unification?
Garibaldi is one of the architects of Italy's unification. He was a soldier and fighter. He joined  the Young Italy part and assumed leadership of the revolution. After that he constituted an army called
Red Brigade and with the help of Sardinia, fought with Austria. In 1860, he fought against the twin
states of Sicily using his Red Brigade. By conquering the same, he hastened the national integration and pressed for democratic reforms.
5. Who was the architect of unification of Germany? Write a note on him.
Ottoman Bismarek was the architect of Germany's unification. He was the chief minister of the King of Prussia, Williams. He had gained lot of popularity as an ambassador in various nations like Austria, France and Russia. He had the knowledge of their strengths and weaknesses. His ambition was the unification of Germany; He wanted to convert Germany into Prussia. That meant inculcating the culture and traditions, and spread the administrative machinery and military power all over Germany; He built a powerful army on the principle of 'Blood and Steel'. His next aim was to drive out Austria from German states association. The well-formed German armies defeated Austria in the year 1866 A.D. Bismarek realized that a war with France was inevitable to gain the 16 German states in the south attached to France. He was successful in merging these states with Germany when Napoleon was defeated by these states when he tried to capture them. Thus Bismarek completed the unification of Germany.

Modern Europe-9th Standard Social Science Notes

Chapter - 8

Modern Europe

i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. Renaissance means _______________
2. ______ is called the father of Renaissance.
3. Followers of Martin Luther are _________
4. The leader of the Counter Reformation movement is ________
5. Inventor of the spinning jenny machine is __________
Ans:- (1) rebirth/ reawaken (2) Petrarch/ Italy; (3) Protestants: (4) Ignatius Loyola, (5) Hargreaves.
ii. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group.
1. What were the consequences of religious reformation?
The consequences of religious reformation are as follows:
1. Christianity was divided into three sects - Catholic Church, Orthodox Church and Protestant church.
2. Many European kings got liberated from the hold of the Church and the pope.
3. Religious reformation led to rise of nationalism.
4. The confiscated wealth of the Church was utilized for the economic development.
5. Patriotic feelings became strong and the kings of Europe developed religious tolerance.
6. Due to this movement, the literacy field saw progress. Local languages influenced the European
minds.
7. The Catholic Church itself underwent reformation and this came to be known as Counter
Reformation.
2. What were the reasons for geographical explorations?
1. When the Turks conquered the city of Constantinople in 1453 A.D., the Europeans faced
the inevitability of finding a new sea route to India.
2. Spain and Portugal were ambitious of competing with Arabs in sea trade.
3. Discovery of new countries opened the possibility spreading Christianity.
4. European curiosity was roused by the adventurous nature of sea voyages towards eastern
countries.
5. Mariner's compass and astrolabe equipment were helpful to sailors. Charts and maps were
available to sailors.
6. The Europeans believed that China was a fertile place to make profit.
3. Which are the water-colour paintings of Leonardo da Vinci?
Leonardo da Vinci's paintings are Last Supper and Mona Lisa.
4. Explain the development of literature in the period of Renaissance with an Example. Petrarch is known as the 'Father of renaissance'. He collected about 200 Latin and Greek Manuscripts. A collection of 100 stories called Decameron written in Italian by Boccaccio, the famous work Divine Comedy by Dante, Canterbury Tales by Chaucer of England, Don Quixote by Cervantes of Spain, Utopia written by Thomas More of England are some of the notable works. Shakespeare was an excellent poet and dramatist. St. Paul School, established in London, was dedicated to the acquisition of this new knowledge.
5. Describe the effects of Industrial Revolution.
Some of the effects of Industrial Revolution are as follows:
1. Due to the innumerable changes in industries, demand for machines grew.
2. Many changes took place in the economic and social fields too.
3. New factories were established.
4. The cost of production came down and essential products were available at a low price.
5. Cottage industries could not compete with the giant factories and, thus, they collapsed.
6. The rich became richer and richer and the poor remained poor.
7. People had to migrate from villages to towns.
8. A capitalist class emerged in society.
9. Hostilities developed between the owners and the workers, and class conflict began.

Europe In The Middle Ages-9th Standard Social Science Notes

Chapter – 7

Europe In The Middle Ages

i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The cultural bankruptcy of Europe is called
2. The owner of the land was called _________
3. The person who maintained the land was called ___________.
4. The weak person who was responsible for the maintenance of land was called __________
Ans. (1) Dark Age (2) noble (3) vassals. (4)labourers
ii. Answer the following.
1. What is feudal system?
Feudal System is political and economic system that prevailed during middle ages. The king donated land to the nobles. The nobles donated small areas of land to their subordinates called vassals. The vassals had labourers who were given land sufficient for survival as long as they worked with the vassals In a nutshell, the feudal system was an arrangement to gain specific service to the feudal lords.
2. List the advantages and disadvantages of the feudal system.
(A) The advantages of the feudal system are as follows:
1. Simplicity and tailor made administrative system is the main contribution.
2. Human protection was guaranteed.
3. The ruling party could not become autocratic as they were dependent on the vassals for military
service.
4. There was notable progress in the economic system.
5. Man became aware of his duties and fundamental rights and savagery of the barbaric communities was controlled.
6. England, France and Germany encouraged literature.
7. Rules and regulations were created and this made the nobles to protect women, the weak and
the Christian religion.
(B) The Disadvantages are as follows:
1. A class of aristocracy came into being.
2. Arguments and disagreements began among the aristocrats, nobles and vassals.
3. Sometimes the nobles started competing with the lords or the kings.
4. Many became traitors and posed a threat to their own regional unity.
5. Judicial system became weak and there was no rule of law.
6. The church and the state were at loggerhens (quarrel)
3. Explain the effects of feudalism.
1. They had absolute control over military. Hence both the political and economical powers were
concentrated in one place.
2. The feudal land lords had to depend on the vassals for military human power. This restricted
the exploitation of these classes.
3. The power of Barbarians was brought under control.
4. The human beings realized their rights and duties under the system.
5. Encouraged creative output in literature in England, France and Germany
6. Feudalism slowly nourished the emergence of cities. They become the center of trade and
artecrafts.
7. Clashes took place among ruling class, feudal lords and vassals. Due to this problem, the
agreements of feudalism broke down.
4. What were the reasons for the decline of the feudalism?
The main reasons for the downfall of the feudal system are as follows:
1. The rise of powerful dynastic rule in England, France and Spain.
2. Development of regional languages, nationalism, lust for absolute power in the kings.
3. Military power and the Crusades hastened the fall of many systems.
4. Renaissance and reformation became the main reasons for the weakening of the feudal system.

Bhakti Panth-9th Standard Social Science Notes

Chapter - 6

Bhakti Panth

i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1. Bhakti means _____________ to God.
2. The famous follower of Ramanand was ______
3. Kabir’s followers are called __________
4. The collection of Chaitanya’s philosophical thoughts is called ________.
Ans: (1) devotion/ Trusting, (2) Kabir Das, (3) Kabirpanthis, (4) Chaitanya  Charitamruta
ii. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group.
1. What are the teachings of Kabir?
He condemned caste system and multiple idol worship, and declared that God is one, and he is the same for both Hindus and Muslims. He tried to bring about harmony and tolerance between the two communities. Kabir preached the greatness of humourness that goes beyond caste and religion boundaries.
2. Who are Sikhs? Which is their holy book?
The followers of Guru Nanak are called Sikhs. His teachings are collected in a book called Grant Sahib. It is their holy book.
3. Explain the concept of Bhakti by Purandaradasa.
Purandaradasa rejected false Bhakthi and insisted on inner reflections. He declared without inner purity, external purity is of no use. He said ‘What is the use of cleaning the external filth without cleansing the internal filth’. He also said without faith, the mere dipping in a river is of no use.
4. What are the effects of the Bhakti movement?
Reformation of the Hindu practices and bringing about harmony between Hindus and Muslims were the main purposes of the Bhakti movement. The reformers were successful in removing many weaknesses in the Hindu society. The regional languages of India flourished since the reformers wrote in these languages. This enabled development of Indian culture. This movement facilitated the evolution of Indian Culture. It also made India to be identified as a land of multi cultures.

The Moghuls And The Marathas-9th Standard Social Science Notes

Chapter – 5

The Moghuls And The Marathas

i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The founder of the Moghul dynasty was _____________.
2. The most famous emperor among the Moghuls was _______.
3. The king who built the Taj Mahal at Agra was ______________.
4. The Moghul emperor who established the new religion Din-e-Ilahi was ___________
5. Shivaji’s mother was ________
Ans: (l) Babar; (2) Akbar; (3) Shahjahan; (4) Akbar; (5) Jijabai
ii. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group.
1. Describe the military achievements of Babar.
Babar defeated the Delhi Sultan lbrahim Lodhi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 A.D. and established the Moghul dynasty in India. Over a period of four years, he defeated Rana Sangramsingh of Mewad, the Rajput king Medinarayana of Chanderi and Ibrahim Lodhi's brother, Mohammed Lodhi. Babar conquered Panipat, Goghra and Kanwa He established Moghul rule over a vast area in North India.
2. Explain the characteristics of Sher-Shah administration.
Sher Shah established an efficient administration.
1) He divided his kingdom into four main departments.
2) He was the first ruler who constructed four main highways that connected the major cities. On either side of the highway, shade-giving trees were planted and 1700 sarais were constructed.
3) The land in the kingdom had been classified as excellent, average and bad according to their level of fertility. The farmers gave part of their income as land tax to the government.
4) If there was damage to crops during the movement of troops, the government compensated the farmers. All these features of the administration of Shershah are similar to the present administration.
3. What are the areas won by Akbar?
Akbar defeated Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipar. Akbar conquered Malva, Jaipur, Gondavan, Chittor, Ranatharnbhor, Kalinjar, Gujarat and Bengal. Akbar fight against Rana Pratap (The Battle of Haldighat) and emerged victorious. The remaining states of Kashmir, Sindh, Orissa, Baluchistan, Khandhar and Ahmednagar came under Akbar.
4. Describe the contributions of Shahjahan to art and architecture.
ShahJahan was called a great builder. He constructed the famous, immensely valuable rubystudded Peacock throne. He constructed the TajMahal in Agra which is one of the Seven Wonders of the World. He constructed the Red Fort at Delhi. He built Akbari Mahal, Jehangiri Mahal. He built forts in Lahore and Allahabad similar to the one at Agra. Hence, his period is referred to as the 'Golden Age of Moghal Art and Architecture.
5. Describe Shivaji’s system of administration.
Shivaji had organized an efficient administrative system in his vast kingdom. He had divided his kingdom into many provinces. They were called Swaraj and Moghal areas. There were minsters known as Asthapradhans in the central government to assist the king. In addition to them, there were
other officials. Province, district and village were the administrative units.
6. Explain the achievements of Bajirao I.
Bajirao I was an unparalleled warrior. He conquered, Malwa and gained the authority to collect Chouth and Sardeshmukhi taxes. He got a vast stretch between the Narmada and Chambal rivers and 50 lakh rupees as compensation tor defeating the Moghals in a battle near Bhopal. He conquered Salcet and Basin from the Portuguese and Janjira from the Siddhis He not only ruled efficiently but also regained the glory of the Maratha Empire.

Vijayanagara And Bahamani Kingdoms-9th Standard Social Science Notes

Chapter - 4

Vijayanagara And Bahamani Kingdoms

i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. Vijayanagar empire was established in the year ______________.
2. The Madhuravijaya was written by ________
3. Praudhadevaraya’s minister was _________
4. The king who wrote Amukta Malyada in Telugu was __________.
5. Madarasa at Bidar was established by ______
6. The Kitab-E-Navarasa was written by ______
Ans: (1) 1336 A.D., Hakka & Bukka. (2) Gangadevi; (3) Lakkanna Dandesha; (4) Krishnadevaraya; (5) Mohammad Gawan; (6) Ibrahim Adil Shah II
ii. Answer the following questions after discussing in your group.
1. Name the four dynasties who ruled Vijaynanagar Empire.
Four dynasties who ruled Vijayanagar Empire are (1) Sangama, (2) Saluva, (3) Tuluva, and (4) Araveedu.
2. What were the achievements of Devaraya II?
Devaraya II achievements are as follows –
(a) He defeated the king Gajapati Kapilendra of Orissa and seized Kondaveedu.
(b) He expanded his kingdom upto Krishna river in the north east by suppressing the regional leader
of the border.
(c) He defeated the Kerala state and received royalties from Kerala and Srilanka. Hence he came to be known as Dakshinapathada Chakravarthi (the Emperor of the South).
(d) He chased the traditional foe Ahmed Shah of Bahamani till Bijapur and occupied Mudgal and
Bankapura.
(e) His commander, Lakkanna Dandesha, took up a successful naval victory.
3. What were the problems Krishnadevaraya had to face when he ascended the throne?
When Krishnadevaraya came to power, the  kingdom was besieged by various complex internal and external problems.
(a) The Europeans, who had arrived through new sea routes, had established colonies.
(b) The Moghuls of the north were trying to expand their kingdom in the southern region.
(c) The five Shahi kingdoms of the Bahamani dynasty became powerful Sultanates and plunged into war against Krishnadevaraya. And
(d) The kings of Ummatthur and Orissa were a constant source of threat.
4. What are the contributions of Vijayanagar Empire to the economic system and society?
Economic system:
(a) Land tax was the main source of revenue for the kingdom.
(b) Farmers gave ¼ of their income to the government as tax.
(c) Professional tax, revenue tax, road tax, market tax, commercial tax, import and export taxes and
tributes from the vassals were other forms of revenue to the kingdom.
(d) Agriculture was the backbone of the economy. Many important food and cash crops were grown.
(e) Many wells, tanks and canals were constructed for irrigation and agriculture.
(f) There was great progress in the field of industries and commerce.
(g) Spices like pepper, cloves and cardamom, salt petre, iron ore, diamonds, granulated sugar, must,
sandal perfume etc. were exported.
(h) There were many textile industries.
(i) Coins of different denominations like gold coins, gadyaana, pagoda, silver coins and copper coins were in use. There were diamonds, iron ore centers, Sapphires used to be available in plenty.
G) Countries like Arab, China and Portugal had trade relations with the Vijayanagar Empire.
Society:
(a) The society was based on the 4-tiered caste system. However, there was also occupation-based
caste system.
(b) There were many skilled artisans, blacksmiths, bell-metal smiths, carpenters, weavers and cobblers in the society.
(c) The practice of child marriage, sati and devadasi were prevalent.
(d) Though monogamy was the common practice, kings and rich people had many wives.
5. Describe the art and architecture of the Vijayanagar period.
The unique feature of their architecture was the construction of huge auditoriam and marriage halls. Temples had huge towers (rayagopura), leafshaped arches and platforms. In this art, more than ornamentation, the qualities of grandeur, awe and elegance were given importance. Rough granite
stone (kanashile) was used for construction of these structures.
The temples were built in Hampi, Shringeri, Tirupati, Lepakshi, Karkala, Bhatkal, kanchi, Srishaila, Kolar etc. The most important temple was Vidyashankara temple at Shrigeri which has unique structure. The Vijaya Vitthala temple of Hampi is known for its magnificent architectural beauty. The saptaswara musical pillars, huge marriage halls and the stone chariot have enhanced the beauty of this temple. The most ancient temple at Hampi, the Virupaksha temple has a vast courtyard/ hall. It has many pillars with sculptures and decorative ceilings.
6. How can Gawan be considered as the best Prime minister in Bahamani dynasty?
As a Prime Minister of the Bahamani kingdom, Mohammed Gawan took the Bahamani kingdom to great heights through his efficient administration and victories. Gawan conquered Konkan, Goa and Belgaum. Later, He invaded Orissa and conquered Kondaveedu. In the year 1481 A.D., he invaded Kanchi and plundered its huge wealth.
7. Describe the administration and revenue system during the rule of the Bahamani sultans.
Administration:
(a) There were three levels of administration namely Central, Provincial and Village. Among these, there was revenue, judicial and military administration too.
(b) The Sultan was the chief of the central administration.
(c) The cabinet was called Majlis E-Ilwith.
(d) Top officials, commandants, ulemas and amins were friends and relatives of the Sultan.
(e) Gawan converted the existing 4 provinces into
8 units and these provinces were administered by 15 governments.
(t) The governments were divided into paraganas.Kotwal, Deshmukh and Desai were the administrators of the paraganas. The village was the final independent unit of administration.
Taxation system:
(a) Land tax was the main source of income for the kingdom.
(b) Amir-E-Jumlas were the head of the revenue authorities.
(c) ⅓ to ½ of the agricultural produce was collected as land tax.
(d) There were 50 kinds of taxes including house, mines, tobacco grasslands, trade and employment
8. Explain the education, art and architecture of the Bahamani sultans.
The educational policy of the Adil Shahis was to propagate Islamic culture. There were schools known as maktabs. They were under the control of mosques. The students in the maktabs were taught the alphabet, religion, law, poetry and rhetoric. The madras as were centers of higher education. Mohammed Gawan who was a scholar himself, established a madras a (college) at Bidar to encourage study of the Islamic religion and law. It had a library with around 3000 manuscripts. The college was a lodge for students, teachers, and orthodox people. Astronomy, grammar, mathematics, philosophy and political science were studied in this college. Art and architecture: The Bahamani sultans developed lndo Sareenic style of architecture. The Jamia mosque built by Ali Adil Shah I is
prominent monument even today. Ibrahim Roza, Gol Gumbaz, Gagan Mahal and Asar Mahals are the important world famous monuments. The Gol Gumbaz, at Bijapur is one of the greatest structures in the world. It has an area of 1800 sq ft. There are 7storied minarets in the four corners of the building. There is a huge dome in the center. The unique feature of this dome is that is one whispers standing on one side of the dome, it can be heard clearly on the other side. It is the biggest Dome in India

Religious Promoters And Social Reformers-9th Standard Social Science Notes

Chapter – 3

Religious Promoters And Social Reformers

i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1. Shankara was born at in Kerala.
2. “The world is an illusion, Brahma alone is the Truth”. This statement was declared by ____
3. Proponent of Dwaita philosophy is_____
4. Ramanujacharya's disciples are called ___________
5. The hoysala king __________ had invited Ramanujacharya to his kingdom.
6. ___________ and his disciples advocated Veerashaiva philosophy
Ans:- (1) Kalati (2) Shankaracharya (3) Madwacharya (4) Shrivaishnavites (5) Vishnuvardhana (6) Basaveshwara
ii. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group :
1. Explain the Adwaitha philosophy.
Adwaitha means Brahma is the absolute truth, the rest of the world is false. The soul is one with Brahma, and life is not separate from Brahma. Ultimately, we should merge our ‘atma’ (soul) with
the absolute truth, Brahma. Only then we can attain moksha (liberation).
2. Which is the philosophy advocated by Ramanujacharya? What is their sect called?
Ramanujacharya advocated ‘Vishistadwaitha’ philosophy. His sect called Shrivaishnavites.
3. Explain the philosophy advocated by Ramanujacharya.
Ramanujacharya’s philosophy is called as ‘Vishistadwaitha’.According to this philosophy Jeeva (life) and Prakruthi (Nature) are under the control of Bramha. Both Atma and Paramathma cannot become one simutaneously. He said that world is the expressed manifestation of Bramha and world is a reality. In order to achive Mukthi (salvtion) Bhakti and Prapathi (complete surrendrance to god) are important.
4. What are the teachings of Madhwacharya?
According to Madhwacharya, the world is not maya or illusion. It is as true as Paramatma or the Divine Soul. Between these, the Divine soul is independent and the rest of the world is illusionary. The Divine soul and the human soul have a Lord and Servant relationship. Lord Vishnu or Narayana
alone is supreme. Worship of Lord Vishnu can elevate the human soul and thus enable it to attain moksha.
5. Write a note on the ‘Work is Worship’ philosophy of Basaveshwara.
Basaveshwara advocated ‘self Reliance and insisted one should earn one’s living’. He also declared no profession in more important or less important. He nurtured the culture of ‘work is workship’ through his physical labour philosophy. By declaring “ Body as the temple”, Basaveshwara tried to implement work is workship philosophy in life. These thinkings are still the guiding lights of the present society.
6. Who established Anubhava Mantapa? What were its objectives?
Basavanna started a Sharana spiritual centre called “Anubhava Mantapa” at Basava kalyana of present Bidar.
Objectives-
1. They wanted to eradicate various socio cultural issues like gender discrimination and caste system.
2. They were inisting that one should remain transparent in his life. His external behaviour and internal thinking should remain clean. This transparent state of life is the ‘ultimate truth’ they declared.
3. Their vachanas reach the common people and created a social movement.
7. Name the books written by Shankaracharya. Shankarabhasya, Anandalahari, Soundaryalahari, Shivanandalahari, Viveka choodamani, Prabudda sudhakara and Dakshinamurthy stotra are some of
shankaracharya’s books. His hymn ‘‘Bhajagovindam’’ is world famous. 

Medieval India And Political Transition-9th Standard Social Science Notes

Chapter - 2

Medieval India And Political Transition

i. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. The founder of Grujara Prathihara dynasty is __________
2. Prithivraj Chouhan defeated in the first battle of Terrain.
3. The prominent Commander of Mohammed Gohri was .
4. The first woman to rule among the Delhi Sultans was .
5. The famous Sultan of Khilji Dynasty was__________
6. The capital city was shifted from Delhi to during the rule of Thuglaq.
7. ___________ was written by Alberuni
8. Quwatul Islam mosque was constructed by _______
Ans:- (1) Nagabhatta, (2) Mohammed Ghori (3) Qutubuddin Aibak (4) Razia sultana (5) Alauddin (6) Devagiri (7) Tarik-E-Yamini (8)
Qutubuddin Aibak
ii. Answer the following questions:
1. Explain the contributions of Rajput kings to the field of literature.
Rajput kings themselves were scholars. Kings like Bhoja, Munja have written various literary
works. King Munja had poets Padmagupta and Halayudha in his court. King Bhoja had extended
his royal patronage to the Jain scholars; Shanthisena, Prabhachandra Suri, and Ghanapala during his rule. The Poetic works like Jayadeva’s ‘Geethagovinda’, Bharavi’s ‘Keerathanarjuneeya’, Bharthruhari’s ‘Ravana Vadha’, Mahendrapala’s ‘Kavya Meemamse’ were written during the rule of
Rajputs. Dramas like Rajashekara’s ‘Bala Ramayana’ and ‘Karpuramanjari’; Bhavabhuti’s ‘Mahaveeracharitha’ and ‘Uthararamacharita’; and historical works like Kalhana’s ‘Raja Tharangini’;
Jayanika’s ‘Prithiviraja Vijaya’ and Hemachandra’s ‘Kumarapla Charitha’ are the important works. ‘Prithiviraja Raso’ by Chand Bardahi and ‘Bhoja Prabandha’ by Balalla are the noted biographies of Rajput rulers.
2. Explain the administration system of Iltamush briefly.
Iltamush divided his kingdom into Iktas (provinces) and appointed Iktadhars (provincial officers) to run administration. He appointed a group of forty sardars to advise him in administrative issues. The Prime Minister and Judges used to advise him. Iltamush brought gold and silver coins into circulation. 3. What were the administrative reforms implemented by Alluddin Khilji?
1. Allauddin Khilji implemented various reforms in the administration.
2. He abolished religious endowments, Inams (gift) lands and subsidy.
3. An efficient intelligence network was established by him.
4. He prohibited alcohol, drugs and dice game.
5. He banned association formation among his Sardars (lieutenants).
6. During his time, the farmers with minor landholdings and also the big landlords had to pay taxes.
7. He appointed revenue officials to collect the fixed taxes from the farmers.
8. Military reforms: The salary of the soldier was dispersed on the last day of the month in the
form of cash.
9. The process of stamping the horses called as ‘Dhag’ came into effect.
10. He created a system wherein the common people had access to pulses, cereals, cooking oil, sugar, salt and fuel at fair prices.
11. Similarly he established markets to sell horses and slaves.
4. What were the administrative reforms implemented by Mohammed-bin-Tughlaq. Administrative reforms-
1. Revenue reforms: An official record that had all the details of lands of the empire was implemented by him. He established department of agriculture. The uncultivated lands were made cultivable.
2. Shifting of his Capital: He wanted to shift his capital from delhi to devagiri because to
establish the capital city at the centre of the vast empire, and to protect the capital city from foreign invasions.
3. Experiment of symbolic Coins- He brought gold coin named ‘Dinar’ and silver coin named ‘Adli’ into circulation. Copper and brass coins were also brought into circulation symbolically.
5. What were the contributions of Delhi Sultans to art and architecture? Give examples.
 The Delhi Sultans introduced a new style of architecture known as ‘Indo-Islamic’ architecture.
 Arches, domes and minarets are the main features of this style. The Delhi Sultans built forts, Mosques, palaces, public buildings, madrasas and Dharmashalas.
 Qutub minar, Quvat-Ul-Islam mosque, Allai Dharavaja, Juwait Khana
 mosque are the few examples of Indo-Islamic style.

Christianity and Islam-9th Standard Social Science Notes

History

Chapter - 1

Christianity and Islam

I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. The birth place of Jesus Christ is _______
2. The place of Jesus’ crucification is _______
3. The birth place of Mohammad Paigamber is ______
4. The holy book of Islam is _________
5. The successors of Mohammad Paigambar are known as ___________.
6. __________ was the first Khalif.
7. Islam originated in____________
8. The holy book of Christianity is ______
Answer:- (1) Bethlehem (2) Golgotha (3) Mecca (4) Quran (5) Khalifs. (6) Aboobakar (7) Arabia (8) ‘Bible’
II. Discuss with your friends and write answers to the following Questions.
1. Write a note on the life of Jesus Christ.
Jesus Christ was born into a poor family of Joseph and Mary at Bethlehem village near Jerusalem. He did not get proper education. Despite this he acquired a lot of religious knowledge. At the age of thirty he came under the influence of John Baptist and was baptized by him. He enlightened the people in distress by divine teachings and made them psychologically strong. This made him very popular among the people and he was known as a messiah or the saviour of the people. Gradually people considered him as a godly man. The priestly class of Jews opposed this. They complained against Jesus Christ to the governor of Roman Empire Pontius Pilate, charging him of treason. After the trial he was taken to Golgotha on a Friday and crucified on the cross.
2. List the teachings of Jesus Christ.
Jesus Christ’s preachings are:
1. God is one and he is most merciful. He is the creator of entire creation.
2. Everyone should develop brotherhood feelings about others.
3. Loving the people in distress is equal to worshipping God.
4. One should serve others without expecting anything from them.
5. Serving people is equal to the worship of God.
6. If one repents for his mistakes God will forgive him.
7. Love your enemy. Do well to the people who try to harm you.
3. How did Christianity expand?
After the crucifixion of Christ, his disciples were tortured. Some of them were crucified. During the
time of Emperor Constantine, Christianity was adopted as the State Religion. Subsequently,
Christianity spread throughout Europe. Today, Christian Churches are found throughout the world
and have a large number of followers.
4. Write a note on the life of Mohammad Paigambar.
The founder of Islam Mohammad Paigambar was born in 570 C.E at Mecca His parents were Abdulla and Ameena. He lost his parents during his childhood and was brought up by his uncle. In Mecca he married widow Khadijah. They had two sons and four daughters. He started meditating deeply for long hours on Mount Heera to find remedies for the social and cultural shortcomings of Arab people. After Paigambar achieved enlightment, he was called as the messenger of the God by the people. Soon, his principles became very popular among people. This collection of messages were compiled and published later. This is known as the holy book of ‘Quran’. When Paigambar opposed polytheism strongly, the enraged people of Mecca conspired to murder him. He travelled from Mecca to Madina when he became aware of this in C.E 622. This incident is known as Hijra. The people of Madina welcomed him, and they defeated the people of Mecca. Paigambar came back to Mecca. Finally they also became the followers of the religion propagated by Paigambar Gradually his principles spread all over the Arab region. Paigambar died in C.E 632.
5. What is Hijra?
When Paigambar opposed polytheism strongly, the enraged people of Mecca conspired to murder
him. He travelled from Mecca to Madina when he became aware of this in C.E 622. This incident is
known as Hijra (the departure)
6. What are the teachings of Islam?
The teachings of Islam are-
1. God is one. A simple prayer is enough to win the heart of the God.
2. One should lead an honest and principled life and should keep away from all the bad habits.
3. One should have respect for women and compassion for the poor and weak.
7. Name the five important rituals of Islam. Islam follows five important rituals.
1. Kalima – Belief only in Allah. Mohammad is his prophet.
2. Namaz - Prayer for Allah for five times a day.
3. Roza- Fasting in the month of Ramazan.
4. Zakath- Definite sum to be spared in the income to give to the poor.
5. Haj - Pilgrimage to Mecca once in lifetime.
8. What are the main Contributions of Islam?
After accepting Islam, Arabs have been known for the following contributions.
1. Medicine for Measles and other diseases and books on medicine.
2. New inventions in Science and Mathematics
3. The spread of knowledge built by Medieval Arab and Persia in the field of Geography and
Astronomy to other parts of the world.
4. Islam influenced the art and architecture. The features of Islamic architecture can be seen in the
buildings built in Roman, Byzantine and Persian empires.
9. Name the main sects in Islam.
The most important sects of Islam are Shia and Sunni.
10. Name the main sects in Islam.
Contributions of Christianity
1. Christianity has taught the noble principles of peace and brotherhood to the world.
2. The educational centres established by Churches and missionaries have played a significant role in the growth of education.
3. Christianity has introduced the Gothic style in architecture.
4. Missionaries have extended health services all over the world.
5. Women and weaker sections have been largely benefitted by the education. This has brought
qualitative changes in the society. It is known as empowerment.
11. Name the main sects in Islam.
The most important sects of Christianity are- 1) Catholics 2) Protestants.